CLS Framework: ISO 12620 data categories section 03

3.1 degree of equivalence - disallowed: (reason A) - use a transfer comment 3.2 false friend 3.3 directionality - disallowed: (reason A) - use a transfer comment 3.4 reliability code 3.5 transfer comment 3.1 degree of equivalence - disallowed: use a transfer comment (3.5). Description: The extent to which the intensions of two or more concepts overlap. PERMISSIBLE INSTANCES: Typical degress of equivalence include: narrower Description: Qualifier assigned to a term that is associated with a smaller extension than the term with which it is judged to be equivalent or synonymous. Example: The English term "test" represents a smaller extension than the German term "Prüfung". equivalent Description: Qualifier assigned to equivalent terms. Example: The English term "living being" and the French term "être vivant" are equivalent terms. quasi-equivalent Admitted Name: near-equivalent Desciption: Qualifier assigned to a term whose concept includes either fewer or more characterisitics than a parallel concept in the second language. Example: de Prüfung includes en inspection and fr contrôle, but is broader than the French and English terms in that it also includes the concept of test, which is clearly excluded from the en and fr concepts. broader Description: Qualifier assigned to a term that is associated with a larger extention than the term with which it is judged to be equivalent or synonymous. Example: The extension of German "Prüfung" is larger than that of English "test". equivalent phrase Description: Qualifier assigned to a phraseological unit in one language that expresses the same semantic content as a phraseological unit in another language. Note: Equivalent phrases in one language can in many instances equate to single or multiword terms in other languages. Example: en technically equivalent fr équivalents sur le plan technique en third-party certification fr certification par tierce partie Note: Multilingual term pairs can be identified as equivalent or quasi-equivalent, depending on the degree of similarity in their underlying concepts, and they can also be qualified as bidirectional or monodirectional, depending on whether the equivalence relationship operates in one or both directions (see directionality 3.3). Nonequivalence is also frequently listed as a degree of equivalence, but nonequivalents require different treatment because they will not appear as equivalent terms in the same term (see false friend 3.2). 3.2 false friend Admitted name: faux amis; nonequivalent Description: A term in one language that only appears to have formal or semantic similarity with a term in another language, but that does not represent the same concept. Note: False friends are frequently false cognates, i.e., terms that appear to be the same or very similar in etymological origin, but do not have the same meaning in both languages. They may also be false calques or false loan translations, i.e., literal translations that are incorrect or misleading, either because a proper equivalent already exists in the target language or because the term elements used in the translation are not themselves equivalent to those used in the source language. If an entry is present in the terminology collection for the term designated as a false friend, there should be a reference to this entry. Example 1: false cognate: In quality assurance environments (as opposed to accounting), French "contrôler", meaning "to check up on" or "to inspect" is a false cognate to the English term "control", which means "to have power over". Example 2: false calque: The term de "Schneidenscheibe" is a rectangular washer. If it is translated as en "knife-edge disk", the result is a false calque because the translation implies a round cutting wheel. Blind MARTIF Representation: <termNote type='falseFriend'>...</termNote> (when not in termbase) <ref type='falseFriend' target=Z>...</ref> (when in termbase), where Z is an id ref of a termEntry containing false friend content: the false friend itself Example: <ntig lang=en> <termGrp> <term> control </term> <termNote type='falseFriend' lang=fr>contr&ocirc;ler</termNote> </termGrp> </ntig> or: <ntig lang=en> <termGrp> <term> control </term> <ref type='falseFriend' target='c2679'></ref> </termGrp> </ntig> 3.3 directionality Description: A property of equivalent terms indicating whether a similar degree of equivalence exists when moving from a first language to a second language as when moving from the second language to the first. PERMISSIBLE INSTANCES: With respect to directionality, equivalence can be designated as: bidirectional Description: Qualifier used with multilingual equivalent terms to indicate that a similar degree of equivalence exists when moving from a first language to a second language as when moving from the sencond language to the first. monodirectional Description: Qualifier used with multilingual equivalent terms to indicate that equivalence exists only when moving from a first langauge to a second language and not when moving from the second langauge to the first. Example: Some equivalence relations are bidirectional, i.e., the equivalent in the first langauge is freely substitutable by the equivalent in the second language and vice versa, e.g., English "adhesive" and French "adhésif". This condition is most likely to occur in standardized, fully harmonized technical terminology. Frequently some restriction is placed on the equivalence relation, in which case the relation can be designated as monodirectional in one or the other directions, i.e., the term in the first langauge is equivalent to the term in the second language, but not necessarily vice versa, e.g. the deprecated English "glue" = French "adhésif", but French "adhésif" should be equated to the preferred English term "adhesive" for standardized texts. Hence the relation between "glue" and "adhésif" is monodirectional in this context. If used, the monodirectional designation should be accompanied by an explanitory transfer comment. 3.4 reliability code Description: A code assigned to a data category or record indicating adjudged accuracy and completeness. Note: Reliability codes are widely associated with equivalence and are viewed as subjective and therefore themselves unreliable. Blind MARTIF Representation: <termNote type='reliabilityCode'>...</termNote> Note: For purposes of blind interchange, all reliability codes should be mapped to a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being the least reliable and 10 being the most reliable. 3.5 transfer comment Description: Note included in a term entry providing more explicit information on the degree of equivalence, directionality or other special features affecting equivalence between a term in one language and another term in the same or a second language. Blind MARTIF Representation: <termNote type='transferComment'>...</termNote> (for two terms in the same langSet) <ref type='transferComment' target=Z>...</ref> (when the other term is in another termEntry)