Section 2: Term-related Information

Note: Synonymy is generally relative, i.e., synonyms rarely cover all aspects of the same concept in all instances. The resulting degree of synonymy (2.6) is treated using a transfer comment (see 3.5)

Note: Synonymy is generally relative, i.e., synonyms rarely cover all aspects of the same concept in all instances. The resulting degree of synonymy (2.6) is treated using a transfer comment (see 3.5)

Example: See example in 2.1.10 and 2.1.11.

Example: E=mc²

Note: Such statements are sometimes documented in terminology databases.

Example: immunization against [measles], not with or about

Note: Collocations differ from set or fixed phrases in that the components of the latter must generally appear in a fixed sequence. Recurrent word combinations that forma a multiword term (e.g., adjective + noun, noun + noun, etc.) and that represent a single concept are not collocations.

Nonadmitted Term 1: grammatical category

Nonadmitted term 2: word class

Description: A category assigned to a word based on its grammatical and semantic properties.

DXLT representation: <termNote type='partOfSpeech'>part-of-speech</termNote>

Example:

<termNote type='partOfSpeech'>verb</termNote>

Description: A grammatical category that indicates grammatical relationships between words in sentences.

Note: The concept of gender varies from language to language and is not a universal feature of all languages.

Example: In French, vie (life) is feminine and is used with feminine articles such as la, the feminine pronoun elle and feminine adjective endings, e.g., une vie longue.

DXLT representation: <termNote type='grammaticalGender'>picklist value</termNote>

Picklist Values: masculine, feminine, neuter, dual, other

Example:

<termGrp>
<term>langue</term>
<termNote type='grammaticalGender'>feminine</termNote>
</termGrp>

Description: In many languages, the grammatical distinction that indicates the number of objects referred to by the term.

Example 1: The child eats his dinner. The children eat their dinner.
singular-child is a singular noun
eats is a third person singular verb
plural-children is a plural noun
eat is a third person plural verb

Example 2: mass noun-smoke, water, food

Permissible Instances: Types of grammatical number designations commonly documented in terminology databases include:  

Note: In situations where the singular and the plural of a term do not necessarily designate the same concept, the singular and plural should be reported in separate entries in order to retain the concept-orientation of the database.

DXLT representation: <termNote type='grammaticalNumber'>picklist value</termNote>

picklist values:singular, plural, dual, mass, noun

Example:

<termGrp>
<term> plastics </term>
<termNote type='grammaticalNumber'>plural</termNote>
<termGrp>

Description: The characteristic of a word indicating that in a given discourse community, its referent is considered to be alive or to possess a quality of volition or consciousness.

Permissible Instances: Types of designations related to animacy can include the following picklist items in DXLT:

DXLT representation: <termNote type='animacy'>picklist-value</termNote>

Picklist Values:animate, inanimate, other

Example:

<termGrp>
<term>mare</term>
<termNote type='animacy'>animate</termNote>
</termGrp>

Description: A note containing information on the usage of the associated term.

Example:

<termGrp>
<term>inflammable</term>
<termNote type='usageNote'>To be strictly avoided because of dangerous ambiguity</termNote>
</termGrp>

Description: Term usage reflecting regional differences.

Example 1:

term: windshield
geographical usage: US

term: windscreen
geographical usage: GB

Note 1: Language and country symbols can be combined.

Example 2:

term: windshield
geographical usage: en US

term: windscreen
geographical usage: en GB

Note 2: If available and relevant, the content of geographical usage should be a country code as specified in ISO 3166 or one of the continent names. In more granular systems, specific regional names can be used, but should be declared elsewhere in the system for user understanding and coherence in the event of data exchange. The country code can optionally be preceded by a NOT operator to negate the content:

geographical usage: USA
geographical usage: NOT AUS

DXLT representation: <termNote type='geographicalUsage'>geoList</termNote>

Note: The content of geographical usage can be any country code per ISO 3166:1993, a continent name, or a system-specific regional code, which must be declared in the back matter.

Examples:

<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term>contr&00F4;le</term>
<termNote type='geographicalUsage'>FR</termNote>
</termGrp>
</ntig>

<ntig >
<termGrp>
<term>inspection</term>
<termNote type='geographicalUsage'>CA</termNote>
</ntig>  

Description: Classification indicating the relative level of language individually assigned to a lexeme or term or to a text type.

Note: In some regions and terminology management environments (for instance, family-planning medicine), the categorization of terms according to register can be critical.

Permissible Instances: Types of register qualifiers that can be relevant in terminology work include:

Description: The register of a term of text type that can be characterized as profane or socially unacceptable.
Note: Although vulgar register is avoided in formal technical terminology, languages with broad distribution such as English or Spanish require the documentation of problematic terms that vary in register from region to region.

Note: In-house terminology is not necessarily equivalent to bench-level terminology, inasmuch as the former can thrive at very high levels of research and development. In-house terminology is frequently the source of new technical terminology that eventually gains widespread acceptance on a broader scale.

DXLT Representation

<termNote type='register'>picklist-value</termNote>

Picklist values: neutralRegister, techinicalRegister, in-houseRegister, bench-levelRegister, slangRegister, vulgarRegister

Description: The relative commonness with which a term occurs.

Note: Degrees of frequency can be expressed as:

Note: The definitions of these items are self-explanatory. Designation of a term with respect to frequency may be based on subjective criteria, or it may reflect computer analysis of text corpora, in which case it may also be expressed as a ratio of occurrences per a set number of words in the text corpus.

Examples: In the field of automotive drive train technology, the terms Belleville spring and diaphragm spring are commonly used to refer to the principle component in a clutch mechanism. The standardized term conical disk spring is infrequently used outside the standards environment, and the generic term disk spring is rarely used.

DXLT representation: <termNote type='frequency'>picklist-value</termNote>

picklist values: commonlyUsed, infrequentlyUsed, rarelyUsed

Example:

<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term>retrieval end</term>
<termNote type='frequency'>infrequentlyUsed</termNote>
</termGrp>
</ntig>

Description: An attribution of a term with respect to its use over time.

Note: Temporal qualification involves fine distinctions that can be subjective in nature.
Permissible Instances: Common temporal qualifiers include:

Note: For definition of related term, see ISO 1087:1990, 5.6.4

Example: spiraeic acid (old name for salicylic acid)

Note: The difference between a superseded term and an obsolete term is that a superseded term has changed its status as defined by a normative body, but may indeed still be used in older standards or in nonstandardized environments. In contrast, an obsolete term has truly fallen out of common usage. Some obsolete terms are also archaic, i.e., of very ancient etymological origin, but this does not have to be the case. By the same token, many terms in current usage are nonetheless archaic in origin. Outdated terms are similar to superseded terms, but they are not subject to normative classification.

DXLT representation: <termNote type='temporalQualifier'>picklist-Value</termNote>

picklist values: archaicTerm, outdatedTerm, obsoleteTerm

Example:

<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term>spiraeic acid</term>
<termNote type='temporalQualifier'>obsoleteTerm</termNote>
</termGrp>
</ntig>  

Description: The indication of a period of time during which a term was subject to special usage

Example: Several European countries have redefined the requirements for certain university degrees in recent years.If, for instance, the requirements for a baccalaureate degree changed from three to four years in 1993, then any terminology file defining the term used to designate this degree would have to specify the time restriction affecting the degree.

Description: A restriction placed on a term for the purpose of protecting the right of a company to the exclusive use of the term.

Note: Types of proprietary restriction can include:

Description: The name or style under which a concern does business.

Note: For definition of related term, see ASTM Compilation

Example: "Du Pont" for "E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co."

Note: The distinction between trademark and trade name is standardized in American standards and included in terminology collections.

DXLT representation: <termNote Type='propriataryRestriction'>picklist-value</termNote>

Picklist: trademark, tradeName

Example:

<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term> Du Pont </term>
<termNote type='propriataryRestriction'> tradeName </termNote>
</termGrp>
</ntig>

Description: Classification of a term according to the methodology employed in creating the term.

DXLT representation: <termNote type='termProvenance'>picklist-value</termNote>

Note: Types of term provenance are:

Example:

<termEntry>
<descrip type='subjectField'>computer science</descrip>
<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term>hardware</term>
<termNote type='termProvenance'>transdisciplinaryBorrowing</termNote>
</termGrp>
</ntig>
</termEntry>

Description: Information on the origin of a word and the development of its meaning.

Note: Detailed etymology is primarily a concern of lexicology, although terminology is in some instances concerned with these features, particularly with respect to the coining of neologisms in language planning and term formation environments.

Example: term: aspirinetymology: from acetyl + spiraeic acid (old name for salicylic acid)

DXLT representation: <termNote type='etymology'>content</termNote>

Example: (In a record for "aspirin") <termNote type='etymology'>acetyl + spiraeic acid</termNote>

Description: The representation of the manner by which a term is articulated.

Note: Pronunciation is typically indicated using the International Phonetic Alphabet. A given term can have more than one pronunciation, in which case it can be highly desirable to link the variant pronunciations to an indication of geographical usage.

Example: thermoplastic / &q_:meq plæstik /

DXLT representation: <termComp type='pronunciation'>

Example: In a record for /,t_: meq ' p l æ s t i k/ :

<nTig>
	<termGrp>
	<term>thermoplastic</term>
	<termCompList>
		<termComp type='pronunciation'>
		/&IPA502;&IPA130;:m&IPA322;&IPA321;&IPA501;pl&IPA325;st&IPA319;k/
		</termComp>
	</termCompList>
	</termGrp>
</nTig>

Description: The division of a word reflecting its articulation by syllables, i.e., by uninterrupted units of pronunciation.

Example: ther mo plas tic

Note: Syllabification is frequently indicated in dictionary entries and pertains to spoken language.

DXLT representation

Example: In a record for thermoplastic

<nTig>
	<termGrp>
	<term>thermoplastic</term>
	<termCompList>
		<termComp type='syllabification'>ther mo plas tic</termComp>
	</termCompList>
	</termGrp>
</nTig>

Description: The division of a word in writing, such as at the end of a line, according to a given set of rules.

Example: pho-ne-ti-cian

Note: Words are hyphenated in order to block text efficiently and attractively for printing. Rules for syllabification and hyphenation can differ in some languages and in some situations.

DXLT representation: <termComp type='hyphenation'>content</termComp>

Example:

<nTig>
	<termGrp>
	<term>phonetician</term>
	<termCompList>
		<termComp type='hyphenation'>pho-ne-ti-cian</termComp>
	</termCompList>
	</termGrp>
</nTig>

Description: Unit resulting from the division of words into their smallest meaningful parts.

Example: The morphological elements in + com- + ing combine to create the word incoming.

DXLT representation: <termComp type='morphologicalElement'>content</termComp>

Example: In an entry for "immuno-suppressant":

Description: Any logically significant portion of a larger term.

Note: In terminology databases, nondiscrete term elements can be separated by special symbol combinations or other conventions in order to access them for formation of all-word indexes or semi-automatic secondary keys. Such division can be arbitrary to some degree, depending on the elements that need to be searched. The element can recur as needed.

Example: immuno suppressant

DXLT representation: <termNote type='termElement'>content</termNote>

Example:

<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term>immunosupressant</term>
<termComp type='termElement'>immuno</termComp>
<termComp type='termElement'>suppressant</termComp>
</termGrp>
</ntig>    

Description:The internal structure of a term (used only when a tree structure is needed)
Example: [[Empire State][Building]] (New York is known as the Empire state) as opposed to [[Empire] [State Building]]
(termElement can be used in conjunction with termStructure to show part of speech of each element)

DXLT example:<termNote type='termStructure'>term-structure</termNote>

Description: A term status qualifier assigned by an authoritative body, such as a standards body or a governmental entity with a regulatory function.

Note: This category should be accompanied by or linked to a reference to the normative organization in question.

DXLT representation:<termNote type='normativeAuthorization'>...</termNote>

Picklist values: standardizedTerm, preferredTerm, admittedTerm, deprecatedTerm, supercededTerm, legalTerm, regulatedTerm

PERMISSIBLE INSTANCES: Normative authorization qualifiers can include:  

Example:

<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term>tensile strength</term>
<termNote type='normativeAuthorization'>preferred term</termNote>
</termGrp>
</ntig>
<ntig>
<termGrp>
<term>tensile</term>
<termNote type='normativeAuthorization'>Deprecated term</termNote>
</termGrp>
</ntig>

[See Annex C: Bimodality of this International Standard for further information.]

Description: A qualifier assigned to a provisional term within a language planning or descriptive terminology environment.

Note: In contrast to the categories listed in 2.9.1, these items are either not subject to standardization or have not yet been finalized within the standardization process.

Permissible Instances: Types of language planning qualifiers include:  

DXLT representation: <termNote type='languagePlanningQualifier'>...</termNote>

picklist values: recommendedTerm, nonstandardizedTerm, proposedTerm, newTerm

Note: All the datcats in Section 2 are <termNote>s and are restricted to ntig and tig levels by the DTD.

Description: The status of a term with respect to its assignment to an administrative level within a certain working environment.

Note: The actual status of terms themselves with respenct to standardization is treated under normative authorization in 2.9.1. This category should be accompanied by or linked to a reference to the administrative organization in question. Examples of administrative status can included references to individuals, working groups, committees, or the like who have recommended or are currently conducting work on a term.

Picklist values:

standardizedTerm preferredTerm admittedTerm deprecatedTerm supercededTerm legalTerm regulatedTerm superceded term legalTerm regulatedTerm

DXLT representation

<termNote type='administrativeStatus'>picklist value<termNote>

Description: The status of a term with respect to its advancement within the standardization process

Permissible Instance:

1. unprocessed
   Description: The status of a term that has not yet begun the standardization process.
2. provisionally processed
   Description: The status of a term that has completed all but the final stages of the standardization process.
3. finalized
   Description: The status of a term that has completed the standardization process.

DXLT Representation

picklist values: unprocessed, provisionallyProcessed, finalized

<termNote type='processStatus>finalized<termNote>

Description: Degree to which a term in a language covers the same concept covered by another term in the same language.

Typical degrees of synonymy are analogous to the degrees of equivalence (3.1): narrower, synonyms, approximately synonymous, broader, and nonsynonymous.